A qualitative analysis of the influencing factors about ICU nurses in Chongqing refusing to donate their organs / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To explore the reasons that ICU nurses′ who refuse to donate their organs to provide references for improving the current situation of ICU nurses′ participation in organ donation.@*Methods@#Using objective sampling method, 16 ICU nurses selected from hospitals with organ transplantation qualifications in Chongqing were investigated by semi-structured interviews, the data were analyzed by Colaizzi 7-step method of phenomenology in qualitative research.@*Results@#The reasons that ICU nurses′ reluctance to donate their own organs were summarized into the following themes: the great ethical dilemma brought by organ donor acquisition, the negative impact brought by organ transplantation, ICU nurses lacking consensus about organ donation, and a series of problems in the management policy of organ donation.@*Conclusion@#The factors hindering the implementation of organ donation by ICU nurses are widely related to the ethical dilemma of organ donation, the side effects of organ transplantation, the insufficient popularity of organ donation, and the remaining weak links of organ donation. It is suggested that medical and health institutions can help ICU nurses face the ethical issue of organ donation correctly by introducing the silent ceremony and other relevant measures. It can also add the training content of the progress of organ transplantation, establish the organ donation education system in the hospital, and optimize the compensation policy of organ donation to promote ICU nurses′ awareness of organ donation, and to provide guarantee and support for their participation in organ donation.

Dificuldades de aprendizagem: contribuições da psicologia cognitiva e da fenomenografia / Learning disabilities: contributions of cognitive psychology and fenomenografia / Problemas de aprendizaje: aportes de la psicología cognitiva y fenomenografia

As Dificuldades de Aprendizagem configuram-se como uma problemática educacional e psicossocial complexa que envolve uma trama de relações entre o aprendente, suas condições de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem e seus modos singulares de lidar com o conhecimento e aplicá-lo ao seu cotidiano. Este artigo propõe uma reflexão crítica sobre este fenômeno com foco no papel ativo do aprendente na construção do conhecimento e das próprias concepções de aprendizagem, a partir das perspectivas cognitiva e fenomenográfica. Tais enfoques destacam relações significativas entre as concepções sobre o ato de aprender, a autoeficácia e o uso de estratégias de aprendizagem e indicam sua repercussão no delineamento da abordagem à aprendizagem. Como conclusão, destaca-se o avanço no entendimento das dificuldades de aprendizagem como um fenômeno complexo que envolve a interação entre processos metacognitivos e de autopercepção. Além disso, sugere-se que a compreensão dessas relações é um fator norteador na definição de medidas de avaliação, prevenção e intervenção psicopedagógicas que favoreçam o desenvolvimento escolar de crianças com esse tipo de queixa escolar.

The Learning Disabilities are configured as complex educational and psychosocial problems involving a network of relations between the learner, their conditions of development and learning and their unique ways of dealing with knowledge and apply it to their daily lives. This article proposes a critical reflection on this phenomenon focused on the active role of the learner in the construction of knowledge and conceptions of learning, from both the cognitive and phenomenographic perspectives. Such approaches highlight significant relationships among the conceptions of the act of learning, self-efficacy and the use of learning strategies and indicate their impact on the design of the learning approach. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the advance in the understanding of learning disabilities as a complex phenomenon involving the interaction between metacognitive processes and self-awareness. Furthermore, it is suggested that understanding these relationships is a guiding factor in the definition of evaluation, prevention and psycho-pedagogical intervention that promote school development of children with this type of school complaints.

Las discapacidades de aprendizaje se configuran como un complejo de problemas psicosociales y educativos que implican una red de relaciones entre el alumno, sus condiciones de desarrollo y aprendizaje y sus formas únicas de lidiar con el conocimiento y aplicarlo a su vida diaria. En este artículo se propone una reflexión crítica sobre este fenómeno centrado en el papel activo del alumno en la construcción del conocimiento y las propias concepciones de aprendizaje, desde las perspectivas cognitiva y fenomenográfica. Tales enfoques ponen de relieve las relaciones significativas entre las concepciones del acto de aprendizaje, auto-eficacia y el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje e indican su impacto en el diseño del enfoque de aprendizaje. En conclusión, el incremento se sitúa en la comprensión de las dificultades de aprendizaje como un fenómeno complejo que involucra la interacción entre los procesos metacognitivos y conciencia de sí mismo. Además, se sugiere que la comprensión de estas relaciones es un factor principal en la definición de evaluación, prevención e intervención psicopedagógica que promueven el desarrollo escolar de los niños con este tipo de quejas escolares.

Fenomenografía de las competencias informacionales: perfiles y transiciones / Phenomenography of information skills: Profiles and transitions

Este artículo reporta los resultados de una investigación realizada con el objetivo de describir los eventos identificados por los estudiantes universitarios como significativos para el desarrollo de competencias informacionales, a partir de su experiencia durante los tres primeros años de formación. El estudio fenomenográfico tomó como unidad básica de análisis las experiencias de los jóvenes como usuarios de fuentes de información en contextos académicos, desde un punto de vista estructural y referencial. Esta aproximación metodológica permitió describir las categorías y jerarquización de las dimensiones que configuran los perfiles informacionales. El estudio evidenció la existencia de aspectos compartidos por los perfiles, así como la urgencia de categorías en las fronteras entre estos, las cuales corresponden a zonas de transición. La caracterización permitió también identificar la naturaleza de los factores atribuidos por los estudiantes como asociados al desarrollo de la competencia informacional y sus variaciones en función del perfil de las competencias. Se identificaron las estructuras interna y externa que configuran la experiencia de relación con la información.

This article reports the findings of a research project conducted to describe events identified by university students as being meaningful for the development of information literacy skills, based on their experience during the three first years of their course. Drawing on a phenomenological approach, this study analyses the experiences of the students as users of information sources in academic contexts, from structural and referential standpoints. This methodological approach allowed describing the categories and hierarchies of the dimensions which configure information literacy profiles. The findings show that information literacy profiles share features, and it is demonstrated that these features also characterise transitions within profiles. This characterisation also indicated the nature of features attributed by students as being associated with shaping their temporary information literacy skills according to information profile transitions. Internal and external structures that support the interphase between personal experience and information literacy were identified.

Life Experiences of Korean Patients with Hansen's Disease in Sorok Island Hospital

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify life experiences of Korean patients with Hansen's disease (leprosy). METHODS: For this study, 5 participants from Sorok Island Hospital were purposively chosen. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews from June to July 2014. Data analysis method was based on Colaizzi's approach. RESULTS: The study results showed that experiences of patients with Hansen's disease consisted of 14 themes and six theme clusters: 1) Bad disease approaching as fate; 2) Family breakup and far from the village; 3) New life in Sorok Island Hospital; 4) Treatment of Hansen's disease and disability; 5) Life in the disease community; 6) Comfort and hope of life. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate that health care professionals should pay attention to patients with Hansen's disease not only to reduce their physical and psychological suffering, but also to help the community and public culture to reduce the social stigma surrounding this disease and causing suffering for the patients. The results of the present study can help us to have a better understanding of various aspects of patients' lived experiences.

Perceptions of Malawian Nurses about Nursing Interventions for Malnourished Children and Their Parents.

In developing countries, malnutrition among children is a major public-health issue. The aim of the study was to describe perceptions of Malawian nurses about nursing interventions for malnourished children and their parents. A qualitative method was used. Data were collected and analyzed according to the phenomenographic research approach. Twelve interviews were performed with 12 nurses at a rural hospital in northern Malawi, Southeast Africa. Through the analysis, two major concepts, comprising four categories of description, emerged: managing malnutrition today and promotion of a favourable nutritional status. The categories of description involved identification and treatment of malnutrition, education during treatment, education during prevention, and assurance of food security. The participating nurses perceived education to be the most important intervention, incorporated in all areas of prevention and treatment of malnutrition. Identification and treatment of malnutrition, education during treatment, education to prevent malnutrition, and assurance of food security were regarded as the most important areas of intervention.

Concepções de aprendizagem em estudantes universitários brasileiros / Conceptions of learning in Brazilian university students / Conceptions d’apprentissage chez les étudiants universitaires brésiliens / Concepciones de aprendizage en estudiantes universitarios brasileños

Este artigo relata parte dos resultados de um estudo que procurou caracterizar as concepções de aprendizagem de estudantes universitários brasileiros no enquadramento da perspectiva fenomenográfica. Entre outras dimensões, um grupo de estudantes foi entrevistado sobre o significado, o processo e o contexto da aprendizagem. As respostas foram sujeitas a uma análise de conteúdo que permitiu demonstrar uma replicação da maioria das concepções de aprendizagem descritas pela investigação fenomenográfica (isto é, a distinção entre aprendizagem enquanto memorização e compreensão) bem como o surgimento de concepções aparentemente novas (isto é, aprender é desenvolver concepções sobre as matérias e simultaneamente decorar e aplicar o conhecimento adquirido; aprende-se com os erros; sem exercer qualquer intenção ou esforço; de forma instintiva ou inata; colaborando; vivenciando; sentindo; brincando e observando). Algumas dessas concepções são interpretadas em função dos referentes culturais dos participantes.

This article reports partial results of a study that sought to characterize the conceptions of learning of Brazilian university students, in the framework of the phenomenographic perspective. Among other dimensions, a group of students was interviewed about the meaning, the process and the context of learning. The responses were subjected to a content analysis. This analysis has demonstrated a replication of most conceptions of learning described by phenomenographic research (i.e. the distinction between learning as memorizing and as understanding) as well as the emergence of apparently new conceptions (i.e. learning as development of notions about the topics while learning by Heart and applying acquired knowledge; learning through the mistakes; without exerting any effort or intention; instinctively or innately; collaborating; experiencing; feeling, playing and observing). Some of these concepts are interpreted in light of the participants' cultural referents.

Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude visant à caractériser les conceptions d'apprentissage des étudiants universitaires brésiliens dans l'élaboration de la perspective phénoménographique. Parmi les autres dimensions, un groupe d'étudiants ont été interrogé sur le sens, le processus et le contexte de l'apprentissage. Les réponses ont été soumis à une analyse de contenu. Les résultats démontrent une possibilité de reproduire la plupart des conceptions de l'apprentissage décrites par la recherche phénoménographique (à savoir, la distinction entre l'apprentissage comme la mémorisation et la compréhension) ainsi que l'émergence de nouvelles idées en apparence (à savoir, apprendre est dévélopper des idées sur les matériaux et en même temps décorer et appliquer les connaissances acquises, on apprend avec ses erreurs, sans exercer aucune intention, ni efforts, de sorte instinctive ou innée, en collaboration, avec des essais, avec des sentiment, et à travers des jeux). Certaines de ces conceptions sont interprétées en termes de références culturelles des participants.

Este artículo reporta parte de los resultados de un estudio que buscó caracterizar las concepciones de aprendizaje de estudiantes universitarios Brasileños en el marco de la perspectiva fenomenográfica. Entre otros aspectos, un grupo de estudiantes fue entrevistado sobre el significado, el proceso y el contexto de aprendizaje. Las respuestas fueron sometidas a una análisis de contenido que ha demostrado una réplica de la mayoría de las concepciones de aprendizaje descritas por la investigación fenomenográfica (es decir, la distinción entre el aprendizaje mientras que memorización y comprensión), así como la emergencia de concepciones aparentemente nuevas (es decir, aprender es desarrollar ideas sobre los contenidos y simultáneamente memorizar y aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos, se aprende a través de errores, sin ejercer ningún esfuerzo o intención, de modo instintivo o innato, mediante la colaboración, a través de la vida, de los sentimientos, de los juegos y de la observación). Algunas de estas concepciones son interpretadas de acuerdo con las referencias culturales de los participantes.